The literal meaning of hooghan is "the place home". The hooghan is built in a specially chosen place. Consideration is made of the presence of trees that have been struck by lightning, gravesites, old battlegrounds, ant hills, etc. In particular, the Diné have a strong taboo against lightning struck trees. Lightning is very dangerous for them and their livestock. As opposed to the bilagáana attitude that lightning never strikes the same place twice (demonstrably incorrect), the Navajos avoid places where lightning has struck as places favored by lightning. Trees that have already been struck by lightning are considered to be the property of Lightning. Therefore they are excluded from use in building the hooghans as well.
The hooghans are constructed according to instructions
given by the diyin dine'é,
as related by Haashch'éélti'í (Talking God)
shortly after they emerged into the Fourth World. The hooghan
is to be built of wood or mud. It is modelled after the hooghan of First Man.
The entrance is to face the east [Ha'a'aah] in order
to catch the first rays of dawn [hayíí
k
].
The hooghan is to be round, as is the sun [Jóhonaa'éí] and as was the ceremonial
basket [ts'aa'] used by Haashch'éélti'í
in the first Blessing ceremonies after the Emergence into the Fourth World, those ceremonies
which have now evolved into the
Blessing Way ceremonies. When logs are cut for the hooghan,
note must be taken of which is
the root end and which the growing end. The logs are placed with the growing end clockwise
to the east [Ha'a'aah] and so forth, in a clockwise manner.
Beneath the entrance to the hooghan, supporting the
entrance structure, two stone slabs are buried in the ground. These slabs are mentioned
in the chief hogan songs.
Such stones have been found, identically located as those in use today, in hooghan remains
dated as far back as 1680 (using tree-ring dating methods). These stones are symbolic of
the unchanging tradition of the properly built hooghan.
The main beams of a hooghan are anointed during the blessing of a new hooghan,
moving clockwise. The owner of the building uses white corn meal [naad' ak'n]
to anoint the main beams or
may hire a chanter [Hat'aalii] for the ceremony. The hooghan
may be blessed again if the
family has been away for a long time and then wishes to move in again. The hooghan is
anointed again if a prayer [sodizin],Blessingway
[Hózhó
jí],
or major ceremony is to take place there. If the
one being sung over is male, white [igai] corn meal [naad' ak'n] is used, yellow
[itso] corn meal [naad' ak'n] if female.
Since many Navajos now live in bilagáana style houses, and hooghans are necessary for ceremonies, you will find hooghans built beside the most modern of houses [tsineheeshjíí bee kin]. (There is a two story, six sided house between Round Rock [Tsénikání] and Rock Point [Tsénitsaadeez'áhí] with a two car garage and a hooghan nearby.)
During ceremonials the women will sit on the north [náhook
s] side and the men will sit on the
south [shádi'ááh] side. This follows the Navajo stories of the meetings of the diyin
dine'é to
create the Sun [Jóhonaa'éí]
and the Moon [T'éhonaa'éí].
The completed shape of the hooghan was decided upon after the fixing in place of the mountains.
The hooghans are to have the best qualities of the shapes
of Gobernador Knob [Ch'óol'
'],
a fine tapering shape, and Huerfano Mountain
[Dziná'oodiii],
a rounded top). Thus the forked pole hogan is like Gobernador Knob [Ch'óol'']
and the six sided round roofed hogan is like Huerfano Mountain [Dziná'oodiii]. The
forked pole hooghans are thought of as male and the rounded roof hooghans are female.
Within the hooghan the children and grandchildren are taught all of the stories of the origin of the hooghan and the respect and care that is necessary for the hooghan. These stories will include those where the diyin dine'é also discuss the interior of the hooghan and the proper placement of items within the hooghan. They say that in this way the hooghan will become a center of strength and sound planning.
The Diné say that the diyin dine'é check each home at dawn
[hayíík]. The children are all urged to rise early, when the
morning stars [s' doo nídízídí] are out to see them. They should be active outside their hooghans so that the
diyin dine'é will bless them each morning
['abíní].
.
The singing of this song lasts 3.5 minutes.
Music from the "The Blessing Ways", by A. Paul Ortega and Sharon Burch, courtesy Canyon Records Productions, 4143 North 16th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85016.
